How to test the network bandwidth between two machines on Linux

1. Install iperf

on Ubuntu:
sudo apt-get install iperf
on Centos:
sudo yum install -y iperf

2.On one machine (haha.google.com)

iperf -d -s

3. On the other machine

iperf -d -c haha.google.com

How to figure out segmentation fault (segfault)

Well, sometime we do meet segfaults on Linux/Unix systems. We definitely do not like them, as they are hard to debug.

(1) What is segfault?

A segmentation fault (often shortened to segfault) or access violation is a fault raised by hardware with memory protection, notifying an operating system (OS) about a memory access violation. In short, your program tries to access memory which it is not supposed to access.

(2) Where can I find the info about segfault?

The most straight forward way is to find it in the kernel log (/var/log/kern.log) or system log (/var/log/syslog). Its format is like:

Apr 27 18:17:55 prod-util-c01 kernel: [32427315.749998] your-program[39902]: segfault at fffffffffffffff3 ip 000000000073442c sp 00007fa141a8b460 error 5 in your-program[400000+1bc0000]

where you could find:
your hostname "prod-util-c01 kernel";
your program name "your-program";
the memory address the segfault tried to access "fffffffffffffff3";
the Instruction Pointer (ip) "000000000073442c" which is the assembly instruction address;
the Stack Pointer (sp) "00007fa141a8b460";
the error code "5": the error code is just the architectural error code for page faults and seems to be architecture specific. They are often documented in arch/*/mm/fault.c in the kernel source.

Note: if the segfault happened in a dynamic library (*.so), then you need to do "000000000073442c"-"400000" to find the internal ip address inside the library.

(3) How to debug it?

Debugging is a hard part, but still possible. :)
First of all, you'd better compile your program with "-g -O0" to add symbol info and disable optimization. If you cannot do that, that's also possible to locate the bug, but definitely harder.

(3.1) Use objdump

objdump -S your-program > your-program.objdump.txt

which will generate a text file including your C++ code (if you compiled your program with "-g"), assembly code, and the memory address.
Find the IP address (000000000073442c) to locate the code which caused the segfault. Trace back the call stack to see which functions called the code.

(3.2) Use core dump and gdb

(3.2.1) Enable core dump

To enable core dump on Ubuntu 12.04, you need to run:
ulimit -c
to see the current max number of bytes for a core dump. If the printed value is 0, it means core dump is disabled now. Then you could change the limit to some proper value, e.g., change it to 10GB:
ulimit -c 10000000
Another thing you should take care of is the core dump pattern. Ubuntu 12.04 pipes core dump files to Apport (Ubuntu's crash reporting system) via /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern by default. If Apport discovers that the program in question is not one it should be reporting crashes for (which you can see happening in /var/log/apport.log), it falls back to simulating the default kernel behaviour of putting a core file in the cwd (this is done in the script /usr/share/apport/apport).
There is an easy temporary workaround for this by running:
sudo service apport stop
which should change /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern from the apport pipe to just core. You could also see cat /proc/sys/kernel/core_pattern for the current core pattern.

(3.2.2) Debug with coredump and gdb

If you could enable the core dump on your machine and successfully got a core dump when segfault happened. You win a good option to debug the core dump in gdb with the following command:

gdb your-program your-core-dump

You can run backtrace (or bt) to show the call stack when the segfault happened. You can do "print variable-name" to see the value of a variable. For other commands provided by gdb, please refer to its document.
To print the first N elements of a vector (myVector), do:

print *(myVector._M_impl._M_start)@N

Reference:

http://www.slideshare.net/noobyahoo/introduction-to-segmentation-fault-handling-5563036

http://stackoverflow.com/questions/5115613/core-dump-file-analysis 

How to monitor network traffics on Ubuntu

(1) Wireshark: shows network packages

sudo apt-get install wireshark
sudo wireshark

(2) tcptrack: shows traffic per IP and port number

sudo apt-get install tcptrack
sudo tcptrack -i eth0

(3) nethogs: shows traffic per process

sudo apt-get install nethogs
sudo nethogs

(4) iftop: shows traffic per IP

sudo apt-get install iftop
sudo iftop

How to use Junos Pulse VPN client on Ubuntu 12.04

Junos Pulse is a VPN client made by Juniper. It is widely used in companies. However, as far as I know, there is no released versions for Ubuntu OS, and I can only find versions for MAC OS and Windows.

I will introduce a way to use Junos Pulse on Ubuntu 12.04. The key thing is that we are going to use openconnect to do the same function as Junos Pulse. The latest version of openconnect (v7.04) has the support of Juniper clients:

http://www.infradead.org/openconnect/juniper.html

What you need to do is to:

(1) install pre-requested libraries:

sudo apt-get install vpnc
sudo chmod a+x+r -R /etc/vpnc
sudo apt-get install libxml2 libxml2-dev gettext make libssl-dev pkg-config libtool autoconf git

(2) clone the openconnect repo (http://www.infradead.org/openconnect/download.html)

git clone git://git.infradead.org/users/dwmw2/openconnect.git

(3) build and install openconnect

cd openconnect
autoreconf -iv
./configure
make
sudo make install

(4) run openconnect

sudo LD_LIBRARY_PATH="/usr/local/lib" openconnect --juniper --no-cert-check your.vpn.server.com

How to add default network search domain on Ubuntu 12.04

Why?
you can use ping p1.google.com
if you added google.com to the default search domain, you only need to do ping p1.
This is especially needed for Erlang.

Forwarded from:
http://askubuntu.com/questions/135629/how-to-add-some-additional-dns-search-domains-without-ignoring-the-ones-returned

You will need to edit this file with your favorite editor:

sudo vim /etc/dhcp/dhclient.conf

Once in file, you should see a commented line with the word supersede next to it:

#supersede domain-name "...."

Uncomment that line, substitute the name supersede for append, then add the domain names you wish to search (follow the example below and leave a space after the first "):

append domain-name " ubuntu.com ubuntu.net test.ubunut.com";

Save the file and close.

All you need to do is restart your network connection. You can do this by unplugging and plugging in the physical network connect OR disable and enable your network connect (see picture below). After that you should be good to go:

To verify:

sudo cat /etc/resolv.conf

Disconnect Network

Connect Network

VIM useful commands

:sort
to sort all the lines in the current file

:sort u
to sort and then unique all the lines in the current file

:%!sort -R
to shuffle all the lines in the current file

:%!xxd
to view the current file in hex mode

How to combine combine images/pdfs on Ubuntu?

1. Ubuntu 12.04 pdf printer
sudo apt-get install cups-pdf

2. Combine images into a pdf file
imagemagick is a command line toolkit to modify image files
sudo apt-get install imagemagick
convert 1.png 2.jpg output.pdf


3. Combine pdfs into a single pdf file
pdfshuffler is a GUI toolkit for your use
sudo apt-get install pdfshuffler
pdfshuffler